Why is breast cancer considered so complex compared to other types of cancer, and what factors make it harder to find a universal cure?

 copy from Quora author Vitalsign for study and observation of cancer 

Author VitalSign

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Why is breast cancer considered so complex compared to other types of cancer, and what factors make it harder to find a universal cure?

The search for a breast cancer cure relies on a fundamental misconception. Breast cancer isn't a single disease,it’s dozens of distinct molecular illnesses merely sharing a location in the body.

This heterogeneity is the primary hurdle in finding a universal cure. Breast cancers are categorized by the receptors that drive their growth. Some tumors, fueled by hormones, are estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) or progesterone receptor-positive (PR+). Others overexpress a protein called HER2.

 And some, known as triple-negative, lack all three of these targets. 

A drug designed to block estrogen will starve an ER+ tumor but do absolutely nothing to a triple-negative cell.

Even within a single patient, a tumor is not a uniform mass of identical clones. As cancer cells divide, their genetic code becomes highly unstable, leading to rapid mutation. 

A tumor might start out with uniform characteristics but quickly evolve into a mosaic of genetically distinct cells.

A false-colored scanning electron micrograph of a breast tumor spheroid. The red regions indicate cells undergoing programmed cell death after exposure to an anti-cancer drug, while other layers of the spheroid continue to proliferate. Photo by Dr Khuloud T. Al-Jamal, via Europeana, is licensed under CC BY 4.0.

This internal diversity makes treatment a moving target. When a patient receives targeted therapy, the drug acts as an evolutionary pressure. It might wipe out most of the cancer cells, but any cells possessing a resistant mutation will survive and multiply. The tumor that eventually returns is biologically different and harder to treat than the one that was initially diagnosed.

The cancer's microenvironment adds another layer of complexity. 

Breast cancer cells constantly interact with surrounding connective tissue, blood vessels, and immune cells. Some tumors develop the ability to release signals that trick the immune system into ignoring them rather than attacking them.

When breast cancer metastasizes, it adapts to survive in entirely new ecosystems, such as the bones, liver, lungs, or brain. A breast cancer cell that thrives in the dense tissue of a liver requires entirely different survival mechanisms than one growing in the breast. Researchers treating metastatic patients are fighting cancer cells that have genetically rewired themselves to conquer a foreign organ.

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archdiocese

 An archdiocese is a large administrative region of the Roman Catholic Church that is led by an archbishop.

In simple terms:

• Parish – A local church community led by a priest.

• Diocese – A group of parishes overseen by a bishop.

• Archdiocese – A diocese led by an archbishop, often with a special role in a larger region.

Example: The Archdiocese of San Francisco oversees Catholic parishes in San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin counties.

Easy way to remember: An archdiocese is like a regional headquarters of the Catholic Church, led by an archbishop.

A bishop is a high-ranking leader in the Christian Church who oversees a group of churches and priests within a region called a diocese.

In the Catholic Church, a bishop:

- Leads a diocese and its Catholic communities.

- Supervises priests and helps guide their work.

- Ordains priests and deacons.

- Performs religious ceremonies, such as Confirmation.

- Teaches and protects the Catholic faith.

Bishop vs. Archbishop vs. Pope

- Priest – Leads a local parish.

- Bishop – Oversees a diocese.

- Archbishop – Leads an archdiocese.

- Pope – The highest leader of the Catholic Church and Bishop of Rome.

Simply put: A bishop is a spiritual leader responsible for guiding several Catholic churches in a particular area.

 

Social Security Corrects Tens of Millions of Files in the Social Security Number Database Improving the Integrity of Vital Records Baltimore, MD—The Social Security Administration (SSA) today announced substantial progress in its ongoing effort to strengthen the accuracy and integrity of the Social Security Number (SSN) database. This work represents the most comprehensive SSN record clean‑up in the agency’s 91-year history. “The Social Security Number database is our country’s books and records. The database’s accuracy is essential to maintaining integrity of government services for citizens. Accurate SSN records prevent fraud across federal programs and support the proper administration of benefits,” said Commissioner Frank J. Bisignano. “This is the first time SSA has undertaken an effort of this scale, and I am proud of the work we have done to strengthen the foundation of identity data relied upon throughout government and the economy.” Since the beginning of the Trump Administration, SSA has corrected nearly 15 percent of all active SSNs across approximately 330 million U.S. citizens and nearly 390 million total records. SSA records are referenced by agencies across the federal government and in states to validate identities and prevent improper payments of taxpayer dollars. These improvements demonstrate a government‑wide commitment to safeguarding identity data, preventing fraud, and preserving proper program administration. As part of this effort: SSA has added 17 million dates of death to records that previously lacked this information, using a combination of internal SSA systems and Department of State data. Through data received from the Department of Homeland Security’s Systematic Alien Verification for Entitlements (SAVE) service, SSA has updated approximately 25 million records that previously had missing citizenship information. SSA is currently in the process of correcting an additional 8.5 million records with inaccurate citizenship status. The agency has implemented stronger internal controls to prevent inaccuracies due to manual data entry from occurring in the future. These improvements reflect the first time SSA has undertaken a record‑integrity initiative of this magnitude and marks a significant step toward strengthening the SSN system for the American public. ### For more Social Security news, follow the agency on X @SocialSecurity.

 

 If You've Seen A Speed Limit Sign With A Red Border, Here's What It Means

By Sam D. Smith,

5 days ago

If you've ever driven in Texas and wondered what the aggressive, red-bordered speed limit signs mean, don't worry: you're not alone. We're all familiar with regular speed limit signs, which are pretty straightforward with black letters and numbers over the white background, right? You see them, you keep your speed below their posted number, and you're fine. And with today's digital speedometers and full-screen gauge clusters, there's really no excuse for not being able to reasonably comply. Cruise control can even help out if you've got a particularly meaty right foot that's itching.

But for drivers traveling through Texas, does the red border signal doom? Well, no, not as much as we made you may think. The penalty for speeding in an area with red-bordered or red-ringed speed limit signs isn't any more draconian than usual. But, the red-bordered sign isn't to be trifled with, nevertheless. It means business. And you must pay attention.

Read more: Too-Bright Headlight Debate Heats Up, But Data Points To A Deadlier Threat

What does a speed limit sign with a red border mean?

Simply put, the red-bordered signs in Texas mean that you're entering a reduced speed area right now. Not in five miles, not in a quarter mile, right now. 

You must slow down without delay. In a way, it's only extra relevant if you've not been paying attention or been distracted when driving, which, in its own right, is pretty concerning.

You see, the red border sign is basically your last warning. It's typically preceded by other signs (digital or physical) that inform drivers of a reduced speed limit well in advance. If you've missed all these, the red border sign is the final point, beyond which law enforcement will be more than happy to take a very close look at whether you've chosen to comply or not.

Texas' red-bordered speed limit signs are typically placed in hazardous places or accident black spots. They may be along the freeway/highway, where a highway ends and becomes a regular, rural road, or at any point on the road. They may have been placed there from the creation of the road, or after experience with moderate to severe accidents or incidents.

Is it legal to put up speed limit signs?

Texas multi-lane interstate from above. Ryanjlane/Getty Images

Right now, the red-bordered speed limit signs are only really prevalent in Texas. But if you're reading this and thinking "wow, that's a great idea, maybe I should put up my own," slow your roll and don't be tempted to erect your own signage.

Even if you think creating your own speed limit signs on the road outside your house would have a positive impact on the community, you can't. Instead, you would have to engage with your local authorities and prove as to why it's a danger, nuisance, or simply undesirable behavior. You should not be erecting your own speed limit signs, as you could be prosecuted.

CarScoops Newsletter?

Read the original article on CarScoops.

The U.S. used potatoes to attack a submarine during World War II.

 Starchy vegetables aren’t usually top of mind when thinking of weapons of war, but potatoes played a vital role in a World War II battle and not by feeding soldiers.

 Everyone’s favorite tuber took a break from being boiled, mashed, and stuck in a stew on April 5, 1943, when the crew of the USS O’Bannon was alarmed to see a Japanese submarine approaching.

 According to U.S. Navy Commander Donald J. MacDonald who wrote that, prior to the incident, “the sea was calm; there was no moon; the night was very dark; the sky was overcast and there were intermittent squalls” the vessel was first spotted at a distance of 7,000 yards traveling at a speed of 10 or 11 knot

After initially engaging with depth charges and 20 mm guns, the O’Bannon was eventually close enough to its target for sailors to begin throwing objects at it — including, for lack of a better option, potatoes recovered from their deck lockers. One version of the story suggests the Japanese soldiers on the deck of the submarine, believing the spuds were actually hand grenades, panicked by throwing them both overboard and back at their attackers. Their efforts were for naught: The submarine sank and the Americans were victorious. Because the potatoes used were from Maine, the Maine Potato Growers Association presented the O’Bannon with a plaque “for their ingenuity in using our now proud potato” to sink an enemy vessel. The plaque remained on the ship until it was decommissioned in 1970.

Moment Oregon fisherman is rescued from under massive boulder

 

Moment Oregon fisherman is rescued from under massive boulder

translate in burmese

အော်ရီဂွန်ပြည်နယ်တွင် ဧရာမကျောက်တုံးကြီးအောက်၌ ပိတ်မိနေသော ငါးဖမ်းသမားတစ်ဦးကို ကယ်ဆယ်နိုင်ခဲ့သည့် အခိုက်အတန့်

စကားလုံးအဓိပ္ပာယ်များ

• Moment = အခိုက်အတန့်

• Oregon fisherman = အော်ရီဂွန်ပြည်နယ်မှ ငါးဖမ်းသမား

• Rescued = ကယ်ဆယ်ခဲ့သည်

• Under massive boulder = ဧရာမကျောက်တုံးကြီးအောက်တွင်

Tax credits

 အမေရိကန်ရောက် မြန်မာများအတွက် ၂၀၂၆ Federal Income Tax အပြောင်းအလဲနှင့် အခွန်သက်သာခွင့်များ

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၂၀၂၆ အခွန်နှစ်အတွက် အမေရိကန် IRS က Standard Deduction နဲ့ အခွန်နှုန်းထားတွေကို သတ်မှတ်ပေးထားသလို အချိန်ပိုလုပ်ခ (OT)၊ Tips၊ ကားချေးငွေအတိုးနဲ့ အသက် ၆၅ နှစ်အထက်သူတွေအတွက် အခွန်နှုတ်ပယ်ခွင့်အသစ်တွေကိုလည်း ထည့်သွင်းပေးထားပါတယ်။ အဆိုပါ အပြောင်းအလဲတွေဟာ အခွန်ဆောင်ရမယ့် ဝင်ငွေပမာဏကို လျှော့ချနိုင်တဲ့ Deduction တွေ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။

၂၀၂၆ အတွက် Standard Deduction ကတော့ Single သို့မဟုတ် Married Filing Separately အတွက် ဒေါ်လာ ၁၆,၁၀၀၊ Married Filing Jointly အတွက် ဒေါ်လာ ၃၂,၂၀၀ နဲ့ Head of Household အတွက် ဒေါ်လာ ၂၄,၁၅၀ သတ်မှတ်ထားပါတယ်။

အချိန်ပိုလုပ်ခ (Qualified Overtime Compensation) ရရှိသူတွေအနေနဲ့ သတ်မှတ်ချက်နဲ့ ကိုက်ညီပါက တစ်နှစ်ကို ဒေါ်လာ ၁၂,၅၀၀ အထိ Deduction ရနိုင်ပြီး Married Filing Jointly ဖြစ်ရင် ဒေါ်လာ ၂၅,၀၀၀ အထိ ရနိုင်ပါတယ်။ ဒါပေမယ့် အချိန်ပိုလုပ်ခရဲ့ အပိုဆောင်းပေးချေတဲ့ အပိုင်းသာ သတ်မှတ်ချက်အရ Deduction ရနိုင်တာဖြစ်ပြီး OT လုပ်ခအားလုံးကို အခွန်ကင်းလွတ်တာ မဟုတ်ပါဘူး။

Tips ရရှိတဲ့ အလုပ်သမားတွေအတွက်လည်း သတ်မှတ်ချက်နဲ့ ကိုက်ညီတဲ့ Qualified Tips ကို တစ်နှစ်လျှင် ဒေါ်လာ ၂၅,၀၀၀ အထိ Deduction ရနိုင်ပါတယ်။ ဒီ Deduction ဟာ ဝင်ငွေမြင့်လာရင် တဖြည်းဖြည်း လျော့နည်းသွားနိုင်ပြီး သတ်မှတ်ထားတဲ့ အလုပ်အကိုင်နဲ့ Tips ရရှိမှုဆိုင်ရာ စည်းမျဉ်းတွေကိုလည်း ပြည့်မီရမှာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။

အသက် ၆၅ နှစ်နဲ့အထက် အခွန်ဆောင်သူတွေအတွက်လည်း အပိုဆောင်း ဒေါ်လာ ၆,၀၀၀ Deduction ရရှိနိုင်ပါတယ်။ ဇနီးမောင်နှံနှစ်ဦးစလုံး သတ်မှတ်ချက်နဲ့ ကိုက်ညီပါက စုစုပေါင်း ဒေါ်လာ ၁၂,၀၀၀ အထိ ရနိုင်ပါတယ်။ သို့သော် ဝင်ငွေအပေါ် မူတည်ပြီး ဒီ Deduction လျော့နည်းသွားနိုင်ပါတယ်။

သတ်မှတ်ချက်နဲ့ ကိုက်ညီတဲ့ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အသုံးပြု မော်တော်ယာဉ်အတွက် ချေးငွေအတိုးပေးဆောင်ထားသူတွေလည်း တစ်နှစ်ကို ကားချေးငွေအတိုး ဒေါ်လာ ၁၀,၀၀၀ အထိ Deduction ရနိုင်ပါတယ်။

၂၀၂၆ ခုနှစ် Federal Income Tax ရဲ့ အခွန်နှုန်းထားတွေကတော့ 10% ကနေ 37% အထိ အဆင့် ၇ ဆင့် ရှိပါတယ်။ Single filer အတွက် 37% အမြင့်ဆုံးအခွန်နှုန်းထားက အခွန်တွက်ဝင်ငွေ ဒေါ်လာ ၆၄၀,၆၀၀ ကျော်တဲ့အပိုင်းမှာ သက်ရောက်ပြီး Married Filing Jointly အတွက်တော့ ဒေါ်လာ ၇၆၈,၇၀၀ ကျော်တဲ့အပိုင်းမှာ သက်ရောက်ပါတယ်။

ဒါ့အပြင် ကလေးအတွက် Child Tax Credit နဲ့ ဝင်ငွေနည်းသူတွေအတွက် Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) လို ရှိပြီးသား အခွန်သက်သာခွင့်တွေလည်း ဆက်လက်ရှိနေပါတယ်။ ၂၀၂၆ အခွန်နှစ်အတွက် ကလေး ၃ ဦးနဲ့အထက် သတ်မှတ်ချက်ပြည့်မီသူတွေရဲ့ EITC အများဆုံးပမာဏက ဒေါ်လာ ၈,၂၃၁ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။

၂၀၂၆ အခွန်နှစ်အတွက် အခွန်ကြေညာလွှာကို ၂၀၂၇ ခုနှစ်အတွင်း IRS ထံ တင်သွင်းရမှာ ဖြစ်ပါတယ်။ အထက်ပါ Deduction တွေမှာ ဝင်ငွေကန့်သတ်ချက်နဲ့ အရည်အချင်းသတ်မှတ်ချက်တွေ ရှိတာကြောင့် လူတိုင်း အလိုအလျောက် ရရှိမယ်လို့ မဆိုနိုင်ပါဘူး။

@TheBurmeseAmerican

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